Prostate Cancer in Panama
What is prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer is a disease that begins in the cells of the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
This is anatomically located below the bladder, and among its basic functions it produces a liquid that is part of the semen.
This type of cancer in its early stage does not show any signs or symptoms.
Causes of Prostate Cancer
Although scientific studies have not yet confirmed the exact origin of prostate cancer, it has been possible to determine that it is caused by changes in the DNA of a normal cell.
In particular, there are several risk factors that involve the appearance of cancer cells:
- Age: Prostate cancer is very common in patients younger than 40 years, but its likelihood increases to 6 to 10 cases in patients between 55 and 65 years of age.
- Ethnicity: Although not very clear, statistics indicate that prostate cancer has a higher incidence in black and Caribbean men.
- Obesity: Some studies indicate that overweight men have a higher risk of prostate cancer and that this is an aggressive, fast-growing cancer.
- Smoking: Smoking is harmful to your overall health; however, the chance of prostate cancer increases with this bad habit.
- Sexually transmitted infections: Suffering from gonorrhea or chlamydia increases the risks in men.
Symptoms of prostate cancer
When the symptoms of prostate cancer manifest, it is because the disease has already evolved from its initial stage and moved to the next stage.
In these cases, the symptoms and signs that manifest are:
- Blood in the urine (hematuria)
- Increased frequency of toileting
- Interrupted or weak voiding flow
- Erectile dysfunction
- Pain when urinating
- Discomfort when sitting, due to the enlarged prostate
- Pain in the back, thighs, bones, and hips.
- Edema in the legs and feet
- Unintentional weight loss
- Bowel habits affected.
Prostate cancer diagnostic process
Symptoms of prostate cancer usually occur in advanced stages of the disease, making it difficult to detect them early spontaneously.
For this reason, a series of screening tests must be applied, the results of which will confirm or not the suspicion of cancer.
Here are some of the tests used to diagnose prostate cancer and determine its staging.
Medical examination
It consists of the physical examination of the patient by a specialist.
First, it begins with an interrogation to put together their medical history (urinary problems, sexual problems, family history, risk factors).
This may include a digital rectal exam to feel for any lumps or firm areas in the prostate.
Hematological analysis
Prostate-specific antigen is found in semen and also in a small amount of blood.
This is a protein developed by the cells of the prostate gland.
This test is used to screen for prostate cancer in men who do not have symptoms.
Transrectal ultrasound
This technique is used when the results of the digital rectal examination and PSA tests have not given conclusive results and the suspicion of cancer remains.
The procedure takes about 15 minutes and involves inserting a probe into the rectum, which releases sound waves that enter the prostate as echoes.
These variations are detected by a computer that transforms them into images.
CT scan and MRI
Imaging tests tell us how the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
These types of tests also help in the staging process and can provide valuable additional information about the cancer.
Biopsy
A sample of tissue is removed using a core needle puncture or the help of an ultrasound probe.
Treatment for prostate cancer
After making a definitive diagnosis, treatment for prostate cancer is guided by a specialized medical team that takes advantage of the different techniques in force.
To make the selection of the most appropriate actions; These professionals deliberate according to the general health conditions of the patient, the stage in which the tumor is and the particular characteristics of the case.
Surgery
Prostatectomy is one of the most commonly used techniques.
In these cases, the prostate gland is completely or partially removed.
Radiotherapy
Thanks to the targeted use of high-energy x-rays (radiation), it is possible to destroy cancer cells progressively in a series of sessions.
Brachytherapy
By means of surgery, radioactive pills are inserted into or near the cancerous tumor to destroy malignant cells.
Cryotherapy
This technique takes advantage of the properties of cold to freeze and destroy cancer cells.
A special probe is inserted into a nearby point of the tumour.
Chemotherapy
The administration of drugs that act systematically to reduce the size of the tumor or eliminate it is one of the most common practices in oncology.
These treatments can be ingested, injected (intravenous or intramuscular) or a combination of the above.
Biological therapy
This is focused on the immune system (immunotherapy).
It is a technique that helps strengthen and activate the immune system; helping to weaken cancer cells and managing the side effects of other medications.
Importance of early detection of prostate cancer
Through screening, prostate cancer can be identified in its early stages to make it easier to treat and have a better chance of outgrowing the disease.
For this reason, it is important to maintain a regular medical check-up that allows us to act from prevention.
Stages of Prostate Cancer
The stages of prostate cancer range from I to IV.
As far as we know, the lower the number, the less spread we have of cancer.
Stage I
In this first phase, the doctor cannot feel the tumor by digital rectal examination and cannot visualize it through an imaging study.
Transurethral resection of the prostate or a needle biopsy are the only studies that allow the identification of cancer in this incipient stage; in which the cancer has not yet spread to nearby lymph nodes or to another distant part.
The survival rate for prostate cancer at this stage is 90% over 5 years.
Stage II
The cancer has not yet spread outside the prostate.
Once this point is reached, the tumor is palpated by digital rectal examination and can be visualized on imaging tests.
There is no spread to nearby lymph nodes or spread to other parts of the body; however, the survival rate drops to 65% in 5 years.
Stage III
The cancer may then spread outside the prostate; affecting the seminal vesicles, adjacent tissues such as the urethral sphincter, rectum, bladder and pelvic wall.
It has not yet spread to nearby lymph nodes, but it is seen to spread to other parts of the body.
The survival rate continues to decline, standing at 35% in 5 years.
Stage IV
Finally, when the tumor spreads to nearby tissues of the prostate and has spread to nearby lymph nodes, it is because the patient has reached the maximum level of complexity.
At this point, metastases are observed in the skeletal system and organs of the body.
The survival rate is 25% at 5 years.
Types of cancer that affect the prostate
Basically, the types of cancer that affect the prostate are adenocarcinomas.
Among these, the most common are the following:
Small cell carcinomas
It is a rare tumor. According to statistical data, it occupies about 1% of prostate neoplasms. They usually occur between the fifth and sixth decade of life; being locally aggressive and spreading rapidly.
Neuroendocrine tumors
They are highly prevalent tumors, with a very poor prognosis. In this case, a survival rate of 15 to 30 months after diagnosis is managed.
Transitional cell carcinomas
It is defined as an infrequent neoplasm that is present in between 1 and 2% of primary tumors. Its point of origin is the epithelial cells of the central ducts of the prostate.
Sarcomas
Prostatic sarcomas are defined as malignant tumors of great aggression, which surpass prostatic adenocarcinoma. They occur in middle-aged and elderly patients, with a very rapid level of dissemination and a survival rate of 24 months (this managing a multimodal therapeutic level).
Nursing care in patients with prostate cancer
The care of the patient with penile cancer (either within a health center or in the patient’s home), must be supported by a nursing service that can support, among other things:
- Pain management
- Treatment Management
- Emotional support
- Anxiety Management
- They provide advice on every aspect of treatment
- Assist in daily activities
- Infection Control
- Care about hygiene
How to prevent prostate cancer?
Even though it is not possible to highlight a miraculous alternative that helps prevent prostate cancer in 100% of cases; What is certain is that several studies have determined some variables that may predispose to its appearance.
For this reason, to the extent that the behavior of cancer is known a little more thoroughly; The risk factors that condition its appearance in some way have been classified.
That is why there are those that can be modified (behavioral) and those that cannot (hereditary or physiological).
Consequently, we will develop a little more those who make up the first group; so that you can make timely adjustments to your daily routine.
Take care of your diet with a healthy diet to prevent prostate cancer
Undoubtedly, the eating habits we adopt are part of our health and can affect it in different ways.
Consequently, some studies refer to the following recommendations regarding what we consume:
- It is believed that there is a certain relationship between dairy and the risk of developing prostate cancer.
In this sense, it is advisable to control the intake of these products; as well as any other calcium supplement.
- Reduce the consumption of foods high in fat.
To do this, avoid frying, consume low-fat products and control the amount of those foods that contain them you serve.
- Avoid excessive consumption of sugary drinks, candy, and other highly processed foods that contain chemicals and preservatives.
- Try to incorporate fruits and vegetables into your daily diet.
Undoubtedly, the vitamins and minerals that these foods provide to our body not only help prevent cancer according to studies carried out; but they also provide many additional benefits to our body.
Excessive consumption of red meat and processed foods, accompanied by a low-fiber diet with abuse of sugary and alcoholic beverages; they are the perfect recipe for disaster.
On the contrary, to the extent that the consumption of fruits and vegetables is incorporated, combined with a balanced diet, low in fat and in sufficient quantities; Not only will you be able to promote your health, but it will also help you control your weight and you will feel much better.
Keep control over your weight and body mass
First of all, we know that obesity and overweight can compromise several organs of our body and lead us to develop many diseases; especially heart problems.
In this sense, it is important that a man with excess weight is prepared to control it progressively; so that there is no greater risk than necessary to develop prostate cancer, which, in addition, can be more severe than in patients of regular weight.
Consequently, to achieve this, you must focus on what will help you control it; basically:
- Take care of your diet.
- Exercise.
Establish an exercise routine and combat a sedentary lifestyle
Although you can fight obesity with a balanced and healthy diet; Exercise will also help reduce measurements and avoid uncontrolled weight gain.
Therefore, you can apply simple strategies that allow you to get out of your comfort zone and improve your physical condition.
Walk: You don’t have to be a marathoner or high-competition athlete; just try to dedicate some time to do an active walk that helps you activate all your muscles progressively.
Choose a discipline of your liking: If there is a sport that you practiced in the past or that you have always wanted to learn; perhaps it is the best time to do it.
Go from less to more: Contrary to what some people believe, starting the practice of a sports discipline from scratch simulating a professional athlete; it can be more harmful than good for your health.
In this sense, it is recommended that you start with interday activity; increasing the intensity and duration progressively.
Discard the excuse of time: Many times time becomes a recurring excuse when it comes to training, thanks to the schedules and multiple obligations of the day.
If you are one of those who identify with this reality, take advantage of your routines: park the car a little further away than usual, use the stairs instead of the elevator, get up in the office and do some squats…
Incorporate vitamins, minerals, and other supplements: At the same time, taking care of food is an important aspect for prevention; Some experts believe that taking certain vitamin supplements helps prevent prostate cancer.
In such a way that, according to some research; incorporating a dose of selenium and vitamin E into your daily intake will be very beneficial, as will soy protein.
Recent Innovations in Prostate Cancer Treatment
In recent years, new targeted therapies and hormonal treatments have been developed that have shown promising results in the treatment of prostate cancer.
These innovations have expanded treatment options and improved patients’ quality of life.
Psychological Impact of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
A diagnosis of prostate cancer can have a significant impact on patients’ mental and emotional health.
For this reason, it is important to provide comprehensive psychological support that addresses the stress, anxiety, and depression associated with cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Nutrition and Prostate Cancer
Balanced and healthy diets play a crucial role in the well-being of prostate cancer patients.
In this sense, they can benefit from foods such as:
Cruciferous vegetables
The consumption of cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, white and red cabbage is recommended.
These vegetables can be steamed, microwaved on low power, or fried with olive oil to preserve nutrients such as glucosinolates and vitamin C.
Fresh and Organic Fruits
It is advisable to include well-washed fresh fruits, preferably with the skin to preserve the natural fiber.
Organic fruit is also a good option, as it is recommended to consume it with the skin due to its high natural fiber content.
Soy and Isoflavone-Rich Foods
Soybeans, miso, tofu, beans, lentils, and peas are rich in isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, which have been shown to have properties for the prevention of prostate cancer.
These foods are high in fiber and contain phytoestrogens, which have helped stop the growth of prostate cancer cells in animal studies.
Exercise and Recovery in Prostate Cancer Patients
Regular physical exercise contributes significantly to the recovery and quality of life of patients with prostate cancer.
Exercise programs tailored to individual needs can help reduce fatigue, improve physical function, and promote overall well-being.
Prostate Cancer and Sexuality
This issue should be addressed in a comprehensive and comprehensive manner, providing information, emotional support, and treatment options that allow patients to maintain a satisfying sex life.
Prostate cancer and its treatment can affect erectile function, libido, intimacy, and self-esteem, so healthcare professionals often calm those concerns by offering options such as sex therapy, medications, vacuum devices, penile prosthesis implants, as well as counseling and psychological support.
Additionally, it is essential that patients and their partners have a safe space to voice their concerns and receive guidance on how to maintain open communication and a healthy intimate relationship during and after treatment.
Advances in the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer
Advances in early detection of prostate cancer, such as genetic screening and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, have improved the ability to identify tumors more accurately and early, which in turn has allowed for more effective treatments.
Frequently asked questions
Check out this series of questions and answers about prostate cancer and continue to clarify the most frequently asked questions.
At what stage does prostate cancer become terminal?
When it reaches stage IV, prostate cancer is considered terminally stage.
This coincides with most cancerous tumors; with the difference in survival time depending on the cancer.
Is prostate cancer hereditary?
Some studies suggest that the presence of prostate cancer in some of its presentations may be a hereditary or genetic factor.
In particular, familial prostate cancer occurs only 20% of the time. Still, these tumors usually occur in men who have no family history.
What do I do if I have symptoms of prostate cancer?
If you feel that you are experiencing any or more of the symptoms mentioned above, you should go to the doctor immediately.
Although many of these symptoms may be manifestations of conditions other than cancer (such as benign prostatic hyperplasia), they are pathologies that still deserve treatment.
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